አጣሪ ዳኝነት እና ይግባኝ አጣሪ

አጣሪ ዳኝነት እና ይግባኝ

አጣሪ ዳኝነትን  በዝርዝር ከመተንተናችን በፊት ከይግባኝ ጋር ያለውን ልዩነት አንጥረን ልንረዳ ይገባል፡፡ ይግባኝ በመሰረቱ በአንድ ተለይቶ በተቀመጠ ህግ መሰረት አንድ ውሳኔ ከነሙሉ ይዘቱ እንደገና እንዲጣራ አቤቱታ የማቅረቢያ ስርዓት ነው፡፡

በሰ/መ/ቁ. 59025^a የፌ/ጠ/ፍ/ቤት ሰበር ሰሚ ችሎት ለቃሉ በሰጠው ትርጓሜ ‘ይግባኝ’ ማለት፤

በመጀመሪያ ደረጃ ፍርድ ቤት ተከራካሪ የነበረና በተሰጠው ፍርድ ቅር የተሰኘ ወገን ይህንኑ ቅሬታውን ለበላይ ወይም ለይግባኝ ሰሚ ፍርድ ቤት አቅርቦ የበታች ፍርድ ቤት የሰጠውን ፍርድ እንዲሻሻል፣ እንዲለወጥ፣ ወይም በጠቅላላው ውድቅ እንዲሆንና ዳኝነቱ ለእሱ እንዲሰጠው ለመጠየቅ የሚያስችል ስርዓት ነው፡፡

ይህ ትርጓሜ በፍ/ስ/ስ/ህጉ ላይ የተመለከተውን መደበኛውን የይግባኝ ስርዓት ማለትም የበታች ፍ/ቤት ውሳኔ በይግባኝ ሰሚው ፍ/ቤት የሚጣራበትን ስርዓት ይወክላል፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ ከላይ በተጠቀሰው መዝገብ ችሎቱ የቃሉን ይዘት በማስፋት በአስተዳደራዊ ውሳኔ ላይ ለሚቀርብ ይግባኝም ተፈጻሚ አድርጎታል፡፡ በዚሁ መሰረት ይግባኝ ማለት በበታች አካል የተሰጠ ውሳኔን በመቃወም ለበላይ ፍርድ ቤት አቤቱታ በማቅረብ ውሳኔው እንደገና የሚታይበት ወይም እንዲጣራ የሚደረግበት ወይም ሊለወጥ የሚችልበት ስርዓትን ይጨምራል፡፡ በዚህ በሁለተኛው ትርጓሜ መሰረት አንድ አስተዳደራዊ ውሳኔ በይግባኝ እንዲታረም በልዩ ህግ ሲፈቀድ አቤቱታው የሚስተናገደው በይግባኝ ሰሚው ፌደራል ከፍተኛ ፍርድ ቤት ነው፡፡ በሌላ አነጋገር በአስተዳደራዊ ውሳኔ ላይ ቅሬታ ያለው ወገን ይግባኝ የማቅረብ መብት እንዳለው በልዩ ህግ ከተመለከተ አቤቱታው በይግባኝ አቀራረብ ስርዓት እንጂ በመደበኛው የክስ ስርዓት መቅረብ የለበትም፡፡

በአስተዳደር ህግ ጥናት ውስጥ ትልቅ ቦታ ከሚሰጣቸው የህግ ምሁራን መካከል ፒተር ኬን በይግባኝ እና በአጣሪ ዳኝነት መካከል ሁለት መሰረታዊ ልዩነቶች እንዳሉ ይጠቁማል፡፡ አንደኛውን ልዩነት እንደሚከተለው ይገልጸዋል፡፡

The first relates to the remedial powers of the court or tribunal: in appeal proceedings the court or tribunal may vary the decision under appeal or make a substitute decision (‘remake’ the decision). In judicial review proceedings, on the other hand, the court or tribunal’s basic power is to set aside (or ‘quash’) the challenged decision^b

በመርህ ደረጃ የይግባኝ መኖር ይግባኙን ለመስማት ስልጣን የተሰጠው አካል ይግባኝ የተባለበትን ጉዳይ እንደገና ማለትም እንደ አዲስ መርምሮ ተገቢ ብሎ የገመተውን ውሳኔ እንዲሰጥ ይፈቅድለታል፡፡ የውሳኔው ይዘት በአጠቃላይ በይግባኝ ሰሚው አካል በጥልቀት ይፈተሻል፡፡ ከዚህ በተቃራኒ አጣሪ ዳኝነት የውሳኔ አሰጣጥ ስርዓቱን መርምሮ በህግ የተቀመጡ የስልጣን ገደቦችንና ቅድመ ሁኔታዎችን መከበራቸውን ከማረጋገጥ ባለፈ ውሳኔው ራሱ የሚገመገምበት ስርዓት አይደለም፡፡ ወሰኑ አንድ የአስተዳደር ተግባር እንዴት ተፈፀመ? የሚለውን ጥያቄ እስከመመለስ ድረስ ሲሆን ይግባኝ ግን ከዚህ በሰፋ መልኩ ለምን እንደተፈጸመ? ጭምር በመሞገት ትክክለኛነቱንና ተገቢነቱን አስመልክቶ ማጣራትና ፍተሻ እንዲደረግ ይፈቅዳል፡፡ በዚሁ መሰረት ይግባኝ ሰሚው አካል በውሳኔ ሰጪው እግር ስር በመተካት የራሱን አዲስ ውሳኔ የመስጠት ሰፊ ስልጣን አለው፡፡

ሆኖም ፍ/ቤት በአጣሪ ዳኝነት ስልጣኑ በአስተዳደሩ ምትክ ገብቶ የራሱን አዲስ ውሳኔ ሊሰጥ አይችልም፡፡ የስልጣን ክፍፍል መርህ የፍ/ቤቱን ሚና የህዝብ አስተዳደር በህግ ማእቀፍ ውስጥ መከናወኑን በማረጋገጥ ላይ እንዲገደብ ያደርገዋል፡፡ ሁለተኛው ልዩነት ደግሞ የሚከተለው ነው፡፡

The second main distinction between appeal and review relates to the substantive basis on which the remedial powers of the court or tribunal may be exercised. An application for judicial review will be successful only if the decision under review is ‘illegal’ or ‘unlawful’. By contrast, an appeal not so limited (which we may call a ‘general appeal’) may succeed provided the decision under appeal is ‘wrong’^c

ሁለተኛው ልዩነት ይግባኝ የተባለበት ውሳኔ የሚነቀፍበትን መመዘኛ ይመለከታል፡፡ በአጣሪ ዳኝነት ስርዓት አንድ ውሳኔ የሚሻረው ህጋዊነትን ካልተከተለ ማለትም ከህግ ውጭ ከሆነ ብቻ ነው፡፡ ይግባኝ በአንጻሩ የውሳኔው ትክክለኛነት የሚጣራበት ስርዓት ነው፡፡